Skip to content
Plinth

· Private foundation

Tippins Foundation

Its FY2024 filing reports that it accepted unsolicited grant applications.

$564k
Granted FY2024still arriving
86
Grants FY2024still arriving
11
States reached
$75k
Largest
01What you fund
01100% classified

What you funded, over time

Every grant placed by its stated purpose and the recipient’s mission, by year — across FY20192024.

Health$755kEducation$423kHuman Services$321kInternational$278kYouth Development$138kArts & Culture$118kAnimals$112kEmployment$110kOther$0
02FY2024 · 86 grants

Where the money goes

Your grants by size, and where they go.

By grant size · FY2024

  • Under $10k68 grants · $168k
  • $10k–50k16 grants · $251k
  • $50k–250k2 grants · $145k
$3,000
Median grant
11
States reached
$384k
Total assets
Largest grants
RecipientAmount
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHUPMC$75,000
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PANTHER LABWORKS$70,000
DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS$30,000
BROTHER'S BROTHER FOUNDATION$25,000
THE SALVATION ARMY$25,000
UPMC CANCER CENTERS DEPT OF UROLOGY$25,000
JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN PA$20,000
PITTSBURGH OPERA$16,000
SWARTZ CENTER FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP$15,000
TRADE INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH$15,000
BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION$10,000
NO DOG LEFT BEHIND$10,000
WORLD RESEARCH FOUNDATION$10,000
GREATER PITTSBURGH COMMUNITY FOOD BANK$10,000
THE CHILDREN'S INSTITUTE$10,000
02The need
03

Do your dollars go where the need is?

Each grant placed by the hardship in its grantee’s ZIP, then read against the area’s typical level.

show:

Your human-services grants (FY20–24, $209k) land where the poverty rate runs at 11%, against an area that typically sits at 9%. 98% of those dollars go to grantees based in above-average-need neighborhoods. Most of your grants land in higher-need ZIPs.

area typical 9%LEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER: $1k → 12%BOULDER CREST RETREAT FOUNDATION: $1k → 7%LEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER: $1k → 12%BOULDER CREST RETREAT FOUNDATION: $1k → 7%LEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER: $1k → 12%BOULDER CREST RETREAT FOUNDATION: $1k → 7%LEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER: $1k → 12%BOULDER CREST RETREAT FOUNDATION: $1k → 7%LEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER: $1k → 12%BOULDER CREST RETREAT FOUNDATION: $1k → 7%LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES: $10k → 11%LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES: $10k → 11%LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES: $10k → 11%LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES: $10k → 11%LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES: $10k → 11%JEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES OF PITTSBURGH: $1k → 11%JEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES OF PITTSBURGH: $1k → 11%JEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES OF PITTSBURGH: $1k → 11%JEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES OF PITTSBURGH: $1k → 11%JEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES OF PITTSBURGH: $1k → 11%THE WATSON INSTITITUE: $5k → 11%THE WATSON INSTITITUE: $5k → 11%THE WATSON INSTITITUE: $5k → 11%THE WATSON INSTITITUE: $5k → 11%THE WATSON INSTITITUE: $5k → 11%PRESBYTERIAN SENIOR CARE: $3k → 11%PRESBYTERIAN SENIOR CARE: $3k → 11%PRESBYTERIAN SENIOR CARE: $3k → 11%PRESBYTERIAN SENIOR CARE: $3k → 11%PRESBYTERIAN SENIOR CARE: $3k → 11%OUTREACHED ARMS: $500 → 11%OUTREACHED ARMS: $500 → 11%OUTREACHED ARMS: $500 → 11%WOMEN'S CENTER & SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH: $6k → 11%WOMEN'S CENTER & SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH: $6k → 11%WOMEN'S CENTER & SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH: $5k → 11%WOMEN'S CENTER & SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH: $5k → 11%WOMEN'S CENTER & SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH: $5k → 11%BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION: $10k → 11%BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION: $10k → 11%BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION: $10k → 11%BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION: $10k → 11%BLIND AND VISION REHABILITATION: $10k → 11%BETHLEHEM HAVEN: $5k → 11%BETHLEHEM HAVEN: $5k → 11%BETHLEHEM HAVEN: $5k → 11%BETHLEHEM HAVEN: $5k → 11%BETHLEHEM HAVEN: $5k → 11%0%20%40%50%more need →
grant to an above-average-need area below average· circle size = grant amount

Matched: human-services grants are those whose grantee’s IRS cause code is Human Services. Placed by people below the poverty linein the grantee’s ZIP, averaged from the tracts in that ZIP; grantee ZIP can differ from where services are delivered.

Which US states your grants reach

ID
IL
NY
SD
IN
PA
CA
MO
VA
AZ
TN
NC
DC
FL

US grants placed by each grantee’s ZIP, which can differ from where services are actually delivered. Need from public data — U.S. Census/ACS, CDC PLACES, Eviction Lab, USDA — shown as context about the area, never attributed to your giving.

03Your edge
repeat funding

Who you back again

Which organizations you funded more than once, and which you funded a single time. Each grantee is matched to its own filings.

79%of every dollar goes to organizations you’ve funded before.
$2.6M · 84 repeat orgs$673k to everyone else

84 repeat relationships — 78 still active in FY2024, 6 since wound down; 7 grantees were first funded in FY2024 (too recent to call).

How the two cohorts compare

Re-uppedFunded once

Organizations

84
14

Total granted

$2.6M
$647k

Median revenue growth · since first grant

+35%
+35%

Still filing today

61%
29%

New vs renewed · share of each year

In FY2024, 95% of grant dollars renewed an existing relationship; $26k went to new ones.

50%100%’19’20’21’22’23’24
RenewedFirst-time

Where new relationships form · theme of each grantee’s first grant

’19’20’21’22’23’24
Human ServicesHealthEducationAnimalsArts & CulturePhilanthropyOther

First-time = a grantee’s first year in your filing window; renewed = funded in an earlier year too. As a portfolio matures the renewed share naturally climbs — once funded, an org stays “renewable” — so the signal is the years that buck it (a new-grantee intake wave). The earliest year is left-censored: relationships that predate the data read as “new.” Theme is the grantee’s IRS cause.

Backed again, and grew

  • MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES USA INC
    5× · 2020–2024 · $140k · revenue +39%
  • BB
    BROTHER'S BROTHER FOUNDATION
    5× · 2020–2024 · $125k · revenue +111%
  • TI
    TRADE INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH
    5× · 2020–2024 · $75k · revenue +230%

Funded once

  • S
    SEE
    one grant, 2019 · $562k
  • PF
    PITTSBURGH FOUNDATION - EMERGENCY ACTION FUND
    one grant, 2020 · $50k
  • CM
    Carnegie Mellon Universitygraduated
    one grant, 2020 · $10k · revenue +35%

Repeat = funded in two or more distinct years; growth and survival are read from each grantee’s own subsequent IRS filings.

04Your field

The map has a center of gravity: the average direction from the rest of the sector toward the organizations the foundation funds — the shape of its giving. Scoring every nonprofit along that direction surfaces the ones that look most like the portfolio. These are the closest matchesthat aren’t grantees — a resemblance in what they say they do, not a recommendation.

1
Point Park University

Provides innovative education in a dynamic urban setting. dedicated to academic excellence and community engagement,we prepare students of diverse backgrounds with the knowledge, skill,and experience to lead meaningful lives as informed…

2
University of Pittsburgh

The university of pittsburgh, founded in 1787, is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the united states and one of the nation's top public research universities. for more than two centuries, the university of pittsburgh…

Education
3
Pittsburgh Mercy Health System Inc

We, pittsburgh mercy health system (pittsburgh mercy) and trinity health, serve together in the spirit of the gospel as a compassionate and transforming healing presence within our communities. pittsburgh mercy is a member of trinity…

Health
4
Penn Highlands Healthcare Inc

Our community-based and controlled health care system exists to improve regional access to a wide array of premier primary care and advanced health services while supporting a reverence for life and the worth and dignity of each individual.

Health
5
Furman University

The primary mission of furman as a liberal arts institution is to provide a distinctive education in fine arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics and the sciences, as well as selected professional disciplines.

Education
6
Western Pennsylvania Conservancy

The western pennsylvania conservancy protects and restores exceptional places to provide our region with clean waters and healthy forests, wildlife and natural areas for the benefit of present and future generations. the conservancy…

Environment
7
The Trustees of Princeton University

Research, education and general - princeton university is a private not-for-profit, non-sectarian institution of higher learning with approximately 5,700 undergraduate and 3,300 graduate students. 2,500 students graduated in the 2024-2025…

Education
8
Delaware Valley University

See schedule o.we are inspired by the ideals of our founder who, in 1896, emphasized respect for all people and ideas, who honored knowledge with practice, progress and the common good. our historical commitment to experiential learning…

9
Pennsylvania Academic Library Consortium Inc

To support education and research at college, university, and research libraries.

Education
10
Wrc Pennsylvania Memorial Home

Wrc pennsylvania memorial home's mission is to provide choices for generations. built on a not-for-profit foundation of caring, the organization offers residential and personal care, home and community-based services, skilled and…

Health
11
Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States Inc

The fsmb serves as the voice for state medical boards, supporting them through education, assessment, research and advocacy while providing services and initiatives that promote patient safety, quality health care and regulatory best…

Health
12
Personal Care Products Council Foundation Inc

The foundation is set up to deliver one program - look good feel better. the mission of this nationwide program is to improve the quality of life of women, men, and teens undergoing cancer treatment by offering advice on how to cope with…

Health

For reference, the grantee most central to the portfolio’s shape is The Heritage Foundation and the most unlike its peers is Canyon Heroes. Resemblance is measured on each organization’s own IRS 990 mission text; it reflects how work is described, not its quality or impact.

Your grantees are a median of 43 years old; the field is 18. You back the established end — and your money leans older still.

THE FIELDby orgYOUR GRANTEESby number20%0%<5yr14%6%5–10yr18%19%10–20yr18%16%20–35yr15%28%35–55yr16%31%55yr+
THE FIELDby orgYOUR MONEYby value20%0%<5yr14%3%5–10yr18%17%10–20yr18%10%20–35yr15%35%35–55yr16%36%55yr+

The field is 20% startups (under 5 years old) — 0% of your grantees by number, and just 0% of your money.

Closures · last 5 years

The orgs you fund almost never close 4% lost their exemption, against 13% of the field you don’t fund.

orgs you fund
4%
3/71
the rest of the field
13%
7,496/56,589

Age = years since IRS exemption (a founding proxy). “Closed” = auto-revocation for 3 years of non-filing — a floor on closure, not proof, and bigger established orgs lapse least. Association, not causation.

04the grantee network

64 grantees tracked through their own filings, 2017–2025.

Each one resolved to its own IRS returns and tracked year by year — your grant beside their revenue from every source. Association, dated; never a causal claim.

Counted here: distinct organizations you funded across 20172025, not grant rows in a single year — so this will not match the grant count on the cover. 64 of the 107 grantees resolved in that span have returns of their own we could reconcile; the rest are funded organizations whose filings we could not track year by year.

0
Load-bearing (≥25% of a budget)
13
Early backer (in before they grew)
61/64
Grantees still filing
51/64
Grew since you first funded

Where your money sits — by cause, then by grantee

SEE — $561,720 · OtherSEEUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHUPMC — $375,000 · OtherUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGHUPMCUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PANTHER LABWORKS — $350,000 · OtherUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PANTHER LABWORKSTHE SALVATION ARMY — $125,000 · OtherUPMC CANCER CENTERS DEPT OF UROLOGY — $125,000 · OtherJUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN PA — $80,000 · Other+64 more — $762,858 · Other+64 moreMEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES USA INC — $140,000 · InternationalMEDECINS …BROTHER'S BROTHER FOUNDATION — $125,000 · InternationalBROTHER'S…+1 more — $2,500 · InternationalLIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES INC — $50,000 · Human ServicesVISABILITY — $50,000 · Human ServicesWOMEN'S CENTER AND SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH — $27,000 · Human ServicesTHE WATSON INSTITUTE — $25,000 · Human ServicesBETHLEHEM HAVEN OF PITTSBURGH — $25,000 · Human ServicesPresbyterian SeniorCare — $15,000 · Human Services+4 more — $17,000 · Human ServicesECO-SOAP BANK — $50,000 · HealthPARKINSON FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA — $14,500 · HealthALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & RELATED DISORDERS ASSOCIATION INC — $12,500 · HealthMAGEE-WOMENS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND FOUNDATION — $10,000 · HealthWORLD RESEARCH FOUNDATION — $10,000 · HealthPittsburgh Action Against Rape — $8,000 · HealthVitalant Foundation — $5,000 · HealthTHE CHILDREN'S HOME OF PITTSBURGH — $5,000 · HealthQUAKER VALLEY AMBULANCE AUTHORITY — $4,000 · Health+1 more — $500 · HealthNO DOG LEFT BEHIND INC — $40,000 · AnimalsAnimal Friends Inc — $25,000 · AnimalsHUMANE ANIMAL RESCUE — $25,000 · AnimalsK9S FOR WARRIORS INC — $5,000 · AnimalsNATIONAL AVIARY IN PITTSBURGH INC — $4,000 · Animals+2 more — $3,000 · AnimalsPITTSBURGH OPERA INC — $74,500 · Arts & CulturePITTSBURGH SYMPHONY INC — $11,500 · Arts & CultureFORT LIGONIER ASSOCIATION — $5,000 · Arts & CulturePITTSBURGH HISTORY & LANDMARKS FOUNDATION — $4,500 · Arts & Culture+2 more — $5,500 · Arts & CultureTRADE INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH — $75,000 · Employment
Other$2,379,578International$267,500Human Services$209,000Health$119,500Animals$102,000Arts & Culture$101,000Employment$75,000

Each org by its size and your share of it — top-left is where you’re load-bearing

25%50%75%100%$1.0M$10M$100Mgrantee revenue →↑ your share of their budgetMEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES USA INC — $140,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetBROTHER'S BROTHER FOUNDATION — $125,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetTRADE INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH — $75,000 over 5y, 1.4% of budgetPITTSBURGH OPERA INC — $74,500 over 5y, 0.2% of budgetLIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES INC — $50,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetGREATER PITTSBURGH COMMUNITY FOOD BANK — $50,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetTHE HERITAGE FOUNDATION — $50,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetVISABILITY — $50,000 over 5y, 0.3% of budgetECO-SOAP BANK — $50,000 over 5y, 1.0% of budgetNO DOG LEFT BEHIND INC — $40,000 over 5y, 9.3% of budgetWOMEN'S CENTER AND SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH — $27,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetTHE WATSON INSTITUTE — $25,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetGARY SINISE FOUNDATION — $25,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetAnimal Friends Inc — $25,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetHUMANE ANIMAL RESCUE — $25,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetBETHLEHEM HAVEN OF PITTSBURGH — $25,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetConservative Partnership Institute — $21,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetFOUNDATION FOR FREE ENTERPRISE EDUCATION — $20,680 over 5y, 0.3% of budgetPresbyterian SeniorCare — $15,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetPARKINSON FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA — $14,500 over 5y, 0.6% of budgetSARAH HEINZ HOUSE ASSOCIATION — $14,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetALLEGHENY COLLEGE — $12,500 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & RELATED DISORDERS ASSOCIATION INC — $12,500 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetTravis Manion Foundation — $12,500 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetBOYS AND GIRLS CLUBS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA — $12,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetMARINE CORPS SCHOLARSHIP FOUNDATION INC — $11,500 over 4y, 0.0% of budgetPITTSBURGH SYMPHONY INC — $11,500 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetCarnegie Mellon University — $10,000 over 1y, 0.0% of budgetLIFE'SWORK OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA — $10,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetMAGEE-WOMENS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND FOUNDATION — $10,000 over 2y, 0.0% of budgetWORLD RESEARCH FOUNDATION — $10,000 over 1y, 0.8% of budgetLoyalhanna Association Inc — $8,678 over 5y, 0.4% of budgetPittsburgh Action Against Rape — $8,000 over 4y, 0.1% of budgetMYELIN REPAIR FOUNDATION INC — $8,000 over 4y, 0.8% of budgetNORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION INC — $6,000 over 1y, 0.0% of budgetFERN HOLLOW NATURE CENTER INC — $5,500 over 3y, 0.6% of budgetVanderbilt University — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetLEMOYNE COMMUNITY CENTER — $5,000 over 5y, 0.2% of budgetSHADY SIDE ACADEMY — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetAngels Place Inc — $5,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetFORT LIGONIER ASSOCIATION — $5,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetVitalant Foundation — $5,000 over 5y, 0.1% of budgetSenior Hearts Rescue and Renewal — $5,000 over 5y, 0.3% of budgetK9S FOR WARRIORS INC — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetMANCHESTER ACADEMIC CHARTER SCHOOL — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetJEWISH FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICE OF PITTSBURGH — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetTHE CHILDREN'S HOME OF PITTSBURGH — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budgetBOULDER CREST FOUNDATION — $5,000 over 5y, 0.0% of budget
Go grantee by grantee — a decade per org, and how each moved after you funded them

A decade per grantee — revenue shaded, your grants as bars, all rows on one timeline.

  • Who funds MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES USA INC
  • Who funds BROTHER'S BROTHER FOUNDATION
  • Who funds TRADE INSTITUTE OF PITTSBURGH
  • Who funds PITTSBURGH OPERA INC
  • Who funds LIGHT OF LIFE MINISTRIES INC
  • Who funds GREATER PITTSBURGH COMMUNITY FOOD BANK
  • Who funds THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
  • Who funds VISABILITY
  • Who funds ECO-SOAP BANK
  • Who funds NO DOG LEFT BEHIND INC
  • Who funds WOMEN'S CENTER AND SHELTER OF GREATER PITTSBURGH
  • Who funds THE WATSON INSTITUTE
  • Who funds GARY SINISE FOUNDATION
  • Who funds Animal Friends Inc
  • Who funds HUMANE ANIMAL RESCUE
  • Who funds BETHLEHEM HAVEN OF PITTSBURGH
  • Who funds Conservative Partnership Institute
  • Who funds FOUNDATION FOR FREE ENTERPRISE EDUCATION
  • Who funds Presbyterian SeniorCare
  • Who funds PARKINSON FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
  • Who funds SARAH HEINZ HOUSE ASSOCIATION
  • Who funds ALLEGHENY COLLEGE

The grantmakers whose grantees overlap with yours far more than size alone predicts. Each orbits closer the stronger the alignment; the arcs between them show where they also fund each other. Here it reads as a tightly interlocked camp — most of these funders back each other's grantees too.

The Pittsburgh FoundationPA49.4× affinity26 shared granteesties to 11 of 11Hover any node to trace its alignments.Compare side by side →

Open a dossier: The Pittsburgh Foundation · Hillman Family Foundations · The United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania · Richard King Mellon Foundation · Eqt Foundation · The Grable Foundation · Clapp G H Decd Char and Ed Tr · McCune Foundation Pnc Bank Na · Pittsburgh Penguins Foundation · Upmc Group · The Jack Buncher Foundation · Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh

Affinity is a Gamma-Poisson posterior co-funding rate, re-centered on the typical rate, so thin evidence shrinks toward no signal. A research starting point: overlap is association, not proof of shared intent.

Government reliance of your grantees

Every dot is one organization Tippins Foundation funds. Left–right is the share of its income from government; up–down is the share from you. Bigger dots raise more. Filter to federal or a single department — and drag the year to watch it move.

2024
202122232425
no gov · 00%1%3%6%10%your share of their income ↑0%25%50%75%100%share of the org’s income from governmentmedian 0%
  • K9S for Warriors Inc0% of income from government
no gov moneyreceives it· size = income
0get no government money at all
18report government grants on their 990 we could not trace to a source (not plotted)
0rely on government for over half their income
typical government reliance, FY2025

Government income is each org’s traced federal awards (USASpending — grants and contracts) plus state payments (open checkbooks) as a share of its total revenue (IRS Form 990); the self-reported government-grant line (990 line 1e) is carried for cross-check: a grantee that reports government grants we could not trace to a source is left off the chart rather than shown as receiving none. An association, not a claim that your grant caused the public funding. Coverage is precision-first — a floor, not a census; state records exist for 9 states, so a grantee outside them shows no state figure (dimmed) rather than a false zero. Federal award amounts are obligations, which can span years, so a single-year share is indicative. 990 filings lag 12–24 months.

On method. Every financial figure here is read directly from IRS e-file XML — your own 990/990-PF and the multi-year returns of the 107 grantees we resolved across every year we hold, several hundred filings in all (a different count from the grant rows on the cover, which are one fiscal year)— each linked to its source. Grantee achievements and outcomes are each organization’s own program-service reporting (Form 990, Part III); we read these as association with sustained funding — the foundation is one of several forces — suppress low-confidence name matches rather than guess, and say so where a figure rests on a single grant or filing. Not everything on this page is a filed figure, and the difference matters. Filed is what you reported on your return. Official is another government record about an organization, such as a federal award or a charity register, joined by name where no shared identifier exists. Resolved is an identity we worked out where the filing named a recipient without an EIN, kept only above a measured confidence threshold. Computed is arithmetic over those, like themes, portfolio clusters and co-funder strength. Context is a statistic about a place rather than about an organization, which is what the need overlay is: it describes the area a grantee’s address sits in, not where its work lands. Inferred is drawn by a model from text, like the partnerships read out of public news and organization websites. Each is labeled where it appears. How we build these →

Generated from your IRS Form 990-PF e-file return for fiscal year 2024, released 2024. Filings run roughly 12–24 months behind; figures are dated accordingly.

Source object · view filing

More from the funding graph